WBCS 2023 MATHEMATICS OPTIONAL MAINS SYLLABUS

WBCS Exe Etc Exam Main Optional Subject Mathematics Syllabus

Paper – I :

(1) Linear Algebra:

Vector spaces over R and C, linear dependence and independence, subspaces, bases, dimension; existence of basis for finite dimensional vector spaces; deletion and replacement theorem. Linear transformations, rank and nullity, matrix of a linear transformation.Continue Reading WBCS Exe Etc Exam Main Optional Subject Mathematics Syllabus.

Algebra of Matrices; Row and column reduction, Echelon form, congruence’s and similarity; Rank of a matrix; Inverse of a matrix; Solution of system of linear equations; Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, characteristic polynomial, Cayley-Hamilton theorem.Euclidean space, Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization. Symmetric, skew-symmetric, Hermitian, skew- Hermitian, orthogonal and unitary matrices and their eigenvalues. Quadratic forms, diagonalization of symmetric matrices.

(2) Real Analysis I:

Real number system as an ordered field with least upper bound property; Sequences, limit of a sequence, Cauchy sequence, completeness of real line; Series and its convergence, Polar to cartesian conversion , absolute and conditional convergence of series of real and complex terms, rearrangement of series.Open sets, limit points, closed sets. Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem.Functions of a real variable, limits, continuity. Intermediate value theorem. Differentiability, Rolle’s theorem, mean-value theorem. Higher order differentiation, Leibnitz’ formula, Taylor’s theorem with remainders. L’Hospital’s rule. Maxima and minima; asymptotes; envelopes.

(3) Real Analysis II:

Compact sets. Nested interval theorem. Heine Borel theorem. Uniform continuity of functions, properties of continuous functions on compact sets. Riemann Integration. Riemann’s definition of definite integrals; Darboux theorem; Indefinite integrals;Fundamental theorems of integral calculus. Improper integrals.Sequences and series of functions. Uniformconvergence. Term by term differentiation and integration.Power series. Cauchy-Hadamard test. Weierstrass approximation theorem (statement only). Fourier series.

(4) Analytic Geometry:

Cartesian and polar coordinates in two and three dimensions. Transformation of rectangular axes.Straight lines.Conic sections: Circle, parabola, ellipse, hyperbola and pair of straight lines. Second degree equations in two variables, reduction to canonical forms and classification of conics. Tangents and normals to conic sections.Planes in three dimension; shortest distance between two skew lines. Second degree equations in three variables, reduction to canonical forms. Sphere, cone, cylinder, paraboloid, ellipsoid, hyperboloid of one and two-sheets: tangent planes and normals. Surfaces of revolution.

(5) Differential Equations:

Formulation of differential equations; Equations of first order and first degree, integrating factor; Orthogonal trajectory; Equations of first order but not of first degree, Clairaut’s equation, singular solution.Second and higher order linear equations with constant coefficients, complementary function, particular integral and general solution.Second order linear equations with variable coefficients, Euler-Cauchy equation; Determination of complete solution when one solution is known using method of variation of parameters.Laplace and Inverse Laplace transforms and their properties; Laplace transforms of elementary functions.Application to initial value problems for 2nd order linear equations with constant coefficients. Formation of partial differential equations. Solutions of 1st order PDE, Lagrange’s method and Charpit’s method.

(6) Statics:

Equilibrium of a system of coplanar forces, Astatic equillibrium; Stability of equilibrium, equilibrium of forces in three dimensions. Work and potential energy, friction; Principle of virtual work.

(7) Particle Dynamics:

Rectilinear motion, simple harmonic motion. Damped harmonic oscillation. Motion of a particle in a plane.Work and energy, conservation of energy. Orbits under central forces. Planetary motion and Kepler’s laws. Artificial satellite.

Paper – II :

(1) Classical Algebra

Prime integers. Existence of infinitely many primes. Relatively prime integers. Congruence. Chinese remainder theorem. Fermat’s theorem. Complex numbers; de Moivre’s theorem; complex functions.Polynomial with real coefficients. Fundamental theorem of algebra.Relation between roots and coefficients. Symmetric functions of roots. Descartes’ rule of sign. Cardan’s method of solving a cubic equation. Ferrari’s method of solving a biquadratic equation. Binomial equations and special roots. Inequalities AM ≥ GM ≥ HM and their generalizations. Cauchy Schwarz inequality.

(2) Abstract Algebra

Sets and relations; equivalence relations.Groups, subgroups, cyclic groups, cosets, Lagrange’s Theorem, normal subgroups, quotient groups, homomorphism of groups, basic isomorphism theorems, permutation groups, Cayley’s theorem.Rings, subrings and ideals, homomorphisms of rings; Integral domains, principal ideal domains, Euclidean domains and unique factorization domains; Polynomial Rings. Fields, quotient fields. Finite fields Zp, for prime p.

(3) Multivariate Calculus & Vector Analysis

Vector valued functions of one real variable. Continuity and differentiability. Velocity and acceleration.Functions of two or three variables: limits, continuity. Directional derivative, partial derivatives, Jacobian.Chain rule. Higher order partial derivatives. Euler’s theorem. Maxima and minima, Lagrange’s method of multipliers.Double and triple integrals; Areas and volumes.Scalar and vector fields. Differentiation of vector fields. Gradient, divergence and curl. Higher order derivatives; Vector identities and vector equations. Line integral, Surface integral. Green’s theorem and Stokes’ theorem.

(4) Metric Space & Complex Analysis:

Metric spaces. Open sets and closed sets. Cauchy sequence and convergence. Completeness. Total boundedness. Compactness. Continuity, uniform continuity. Connectedness. Separable metric spaces.Baire category theorem. Examples: Rn, Cn, Space of real valued continuous functions on [a,b]. ep spaces.Extended complex plane, stereographic rojection.Differentiability of complex functions; Cauchy-Riemann equations, Analytic functions, harmonic functions;relation between analytic and harmonic functions.

(5) Numerical Analysis and Computer programming:

Numerical Analysis: Interpolation. Newton’s (forward and backward) interpolation, Lagrange’s interpolation. Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations of one variable by bisection, fixed point iteration; Regula-Falsi and Newton-Raphson methods;Progression mathematics ,near equations by Gaussian elimination and Gauss-Seidel (iterative) methods. Numerical integration: Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s 1/3rd rule, Gaussian quadrature formula. Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations: Picard, Euler and Runge- Kutta method (4-th order).Computer Programming: Positional number system, Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal systems;Binary arithmetic, Conversion to and from decimal systems.Algorithms and flow charts: important features, Ideas about complexities of algorithm, applications in simple problems. Boolean algebra: Huntington postulates for Boolean algebra, algebra of sets and switching algebra as examples of Boolean algebra, duality principle, disjunctive normal and conjuctive normal forms of Boolean expressions. Design of simple switching circuit.Programming using C.

(6) Probability & Statistics:

Probability: Classical and frequency definitions of probability. Axioms of Probability. Multiplication rule of probabilities. Conditional probability, Bayes’ theorem. Independent events. Bernouli trials and binomial law. Probability distribution. Distribution function (Discrete and continuous) of one variable: Binomial, Partial differential equation, Poisson, Gamma, Uniform and Normal. Transformation of random variables. Two dimensional probability distributions (Discrete and continuous): Uniform and normal. Transformation of random variables.Marginal and Conditional distributions. Mathematical expectation: Mean, variance, moments, central moments. skewness and kurtosis. Median, mode, quartiles. Moment-generating function. Characteristic function. Covariance, Correlation coefficient. Conditional expectation. Regression curves, least square regression lines and parabolas. Chi-square and t-distributions and their important properties.Tchebycheff’s inequality. Convergence in probability. Statements of: Bernoulli’s limit theorem. Law of large numbers. Statement of central limit theorem.Statistics: Sample characteristic and their computation. Sampling distributions of the sample mean and variance. Estimation of parameters: Method of maximum likelihood. Interval estimation for parameters of normal population.

Bivariate samples. Sample correlation co-efficient. Least square regression lines and parabolas,Polar coordinates.Statistical hypothesis. Simple and composite hypothesis. Best critical region of a test. Neyman-Pearson theorem and its application to normal population. Likelihood ratio testing and its application to normal population.

(7) Linear Programming:

Linear programming problems, Graphical method of solutions; hyperspace, convex sets, extreme points.Basic solution, basic feasible solution and optimal solution; Fundamental theorem of LPP; Simplex method; Duality. Transportation and assignment problems.